About the Course

Advanced Topics in Writing and Storytelling (JMC:4100:0EXW) is a capstone-level course that helps students achieve professional-level proficiency in journalistic storytelling. Literary technique and journalistic principles combine to go deeper into the news of the day, to provide context and depth, to emphasize the human element. We've featured profiles and enterprise stories (which require a reporter’s initiative, interviewing multiple sources and incorporating different points of view).

Student Work

What's in Your Water — Justina Borgman Feature

What's in Your Water?
 

Mmm, a sip of ice-cold water (with potential cancer-causing contaminants) hits the spot. 

All water sources contain contaminants that we ingest daily—except distilled, 100% pure water. Even filtered water and bottled water can carry bacteria and toxins that are proven to lead to cancer and health issues. 

In Iowa City, the tap water contains chloroform, nitrates, bromodichloromethane, dibromo acetic acid, chromium… The list of lengthy-named toxins goes on. With this said water quality experts agree that Iowa City’s tap water is safe to drink. However, “safe” is subjective.

The EPA, the Environmental Protection Agency, regulates the quality of water across the nation under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This set of guidelines enforces legal limits for contaminants in drinking water across the nation. In addition, the act provides public water operators and owners a set of specific guidelines to follow. The EPA enacted the Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974; the most recent addition to the act was 27 years ago (1996). 

Since then, research has shown the contaminants in water may do more harm than initially thought. Plus, the act does not consider newly found chemicals like “forever chemicals” (PFAs). 

The Environmental Working Group (EWG) is a non-profit organization that specializes in researching drinking water pollutants. EWG’s Tap Water Database highlights the current contaminants in drinking water for each municipality in the U.S. The database provides the standards set by the EPA compared to the current levels of contaminants at the municipality. In addition, the contaminant levels are compared to EWG’s guidelines for what they deem as the safe level. 

Sydney Evans, a Senior Science Analyst at EWG said, “If you start looking at the legal limits for a lot of contaminants, I think one of the most egregious is nitrate—where the standard was set in the ’90s… but that was based on an original recommendation from the ’60s.”

Nitrate contaminants are a top concern for water quality scientists. The EPA’s legal limit for the number of nitrates in drinking water is 10 ppm. This means there must be less than 10 parts nitrates for every million parts mass (ppm). On the other hand, EWG’s health advisory guidelines suggest the level should not exceed .14 ppm.

New research shows adults who drink nitrate-contaminated water can be negatively impacted in the long term—even though the levels of toxins are at or below the enforced level of 10 ppm. It has been known that infants are at a greater risk for short-term effects, such as blue baby syndrome: a condition which turns a baby’s skin blue due to a lack of oxygen in the blood. Now, researchers believe contaminant levels of 10 ppm put babies at a much higher risk than previously understood. 

David Cwiernty is the director of CHEEC (Center of Health Effects of Environmental Contamination) at the University of Iowa. He researches nitrates and other contaminants' effects on people’s health. His research is among the data that the EPA considers when reviewing the Safe Drinking Water Act. 

Like Sydney Evans, he believes guidelines for contaminants are outdated. He said, “The question is whether or not the regulations are as strict as they should be, given the science we know now.”

Although the research shows an increase in potential health hazards, the EPA has yet to revise the guidelines. The EPA did not respond to address the matter. 

Despite the new research, municipalities across the country use the EPA’s current guidelines when treating the water. Iowa City’s municipality follows suit.

The Iowa City tap water originates from the Iowa River. Surface waters (like rivers) in the Midwest are prone to carrying high levels of nitrates due to farmers’ high use of fertilizer for their crops. So, the level of nitrates in the water is a concern before it even reaches the Iowa City water plant. 

In 2013, Iowa created the Nutrient Reduction Strategy: a policy created in hopes of lowering the nutrient pollutants in Iowa. The Iowa Environmental Council monitored the effectiveness of the policy over the past 10 years.

According to Alicia Vasto, the Water Program Director of the Iowa Environmental Council, the review showed that Iowa’s water quality has declined over the past ten years due to fertilizers. She said, “There has been a lot of messaging coming from the agricultural side of things that the strategy is working, when in fact, it is not, and we know that the water quality is not improving or changing at all.”

A new report from the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship said Iowa’s water quality may continue to worsen after an increase in fertilizer usage this fall. 

Sam Fosse, the Senior Water Treatment Plant Operator at the Iowa City municipality, and his team consider environmental changes like this when treating the water. A rise in nitrates from the Iowa River means the plant may have to adjust the treatment plan to follow the EPA’s guidelines of the Safe Drinking Water Act. 

Before the water even reaches the plant, sand naturally begins the filtration process. Next, the water runs through a multi-step process to further remove unwanted material. 

Unlike most water municipalities, Iowa City mixes two sources of water to reduce the number of nitrates. To ensure the level stays below 10 ppm, the team blends the highly contaminated water from the river with purer water. 

After, the water travels to the plant for additional filtration and testing. 

Sam Fosse said, “We do six sets of samples each day from each different point in our treatment system to check many different perimeters to make sure that what is in the water is below the health advisory limits.”

The team monitors the water’s quality after it leaves the plant as well. Fosse said, “We do testing at our distribution systems to verify that the finished water that’s going to the customer is meeting those standards as well.” 

The water quality in Iowa City complies with the EPA’s standards; it contains less than the legal limit of contaminants. Still, the number of nitrate contaminants in the water is above the EWG’s guideline of .14 ppm. In addition, a list of various contaminants—some of which are not even regulated by the EPA—exceeds the EWG’s health advisory limits. 

David Cwiernty said, “I’m sure a city like Iowa City would be very responsive if the [EPA’s] regulation was to ever change, but I think the regulation needs to be changed first before they make the change, and that’s understandable.” 

According to Fosse, the facility produces water that aligns with the Safe Drinking Water Act, and they do not tend to go above and beyond when treating the water. New equipment for municipalities is costly, so financial limits often dissuade operators from implementing technology that is not necessary to follow the legal limits. 

Considering the industry’s nitrate pollutant concern and the cost of new technology, a team of researchers based in Iowa City is working on a solution; Pani Clean is a company developing a new, cost-effective technology that removes nitrates. The company addresses the nitrate concern and believes the current EPA limit of 10 ppm is too high. Pani Clean primarily targets municipalities that struggle to keep nitrate levels under the legal limit; however, the technology may also integrate into a well-working system like Iowa City’s plant. 

Joun Lee, the CEO of the company, said, “What Pani Clean can do is to de-risk the exposure to nitrates—especially during the fertilizer season. Pani Clean systems can integrate with the city water and help with the reduction of nitrate levels in the water.” 

Knowing the risks of contaminants in drinking water and as an added precaution, Joun and her family drink distilled water. Conversely, local experts Sam Fosse and David Cwiernty drink the tap water directly from the faucet. All three local experts stated that tap water in Iowa City is safe, yet, they all added that improvements could be made based on their knowledge of contaminants’ potential harm. 

For those who do not want to purchase distilled water, at-home filters are available.

Sydney Evans, alongside EWG, said, “We don’t think individuals should have to be paying for their own water treatment at the individual level, because that makes water a privilege rather than a right … [but] filtering is an option for that first line of defense.” 

A variety of at-home filters provide consumers with a way to remove additional contaminants. However, most pitcher-style filters, like a Brita, will not remove nitrates. 

Detailed information about filters and the contaminants in drinking water may be found on the EWG’s website. 

Remember, “safe” is subjective. It is up to you to decide what drinking water source is best suited for your health, family, and wallet.   

 

Sabine Martin — Teaching inside the system: Education opens for incarcerated individuals in Iowa

Teaching inside the system: Education opens for incarcerated individuals in Iowa

As an adjunct at Iowa Central Community College, Amanda Mefferd has only ever interacted with her students online.

Her students are incarcerated individuals in Iowa prisons who have access to college education through federal Pell Grant funding.

“They want constant communication and they are very grateful for every time I correct a comma or a period,” Mefferd said. “They get into some really hot-topic political debates, and it is so much fun … you find out a lot about their history.”

Financial aid and access to education while incarcerated hasn’t always been available. After over three decades of being barred from federal aid, incarcerated individuals are now eligible again to apply for Pell Grants since July this year, and there are more education programs for prisoners than ever.

Mefferd started teaching incarcerated individuals in Iowa Central Community College’s Second Chance Pell program after the Obama administration reinstated some education aid as a “test run” for people in prison.

After the Obama administration tested giving Pell Grants to incarcerated individuals in 2015 for three years, recidivism rates proved to be proportional to the level of education that a released prisoner obtained. Experts and data says recidivism, or reconviction to prison, decreases as incarcerated individuals secure higher degrees.

The RAND Corporation, which researched historic data on recidivism, also found that incarcerated individuals had a better chance at finding employment following their release if they obtained an education.

“Inmates who participate in correctional education programs had a 43 percent lower odds of recidivating than those who did not,” the 2013 study reported.

Heather Erwin, an education specialist and criminal justice reform advocate at the University of Iowa Center for Human Rights, was a pioneer in starting and organizing the Obama administration’s Second Chance Pell program in the Midwest in 2015.

“It was a fairly emerging field — the idea that people should have access to higher education or they're incarcerated,” she said.

She said the reinstatement of the federal aid programs was to prioritize education access to underserved or marginalized populations, such as people of color or women.

“There are over-representations of people of color and people of lower economic status in prisons and also other traditionally underserved populations, like veterans,” she said.

As of June 2023, the U.S. prison population is 2.3 million, and the Iowa prison population is 8,307 across nine facilities, according to the National Institute of Corrections.

Pell Grants, which give access to financial aid to students who are eligible for the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), weren't traditionally accessible for people who are incarcerated.

More than 30 years ago, federal grants were available to incarcerated individuals. But, the 1994 Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act banned all prisoners from receiving Pell Grant financial aid, according to the Washington State Department of Corrections.

By 1997, only eight college programs for prisoners existed in the U.S. However, this number is now growing nationally and in Iowa. As of July 2023, the federal government is sponsoring 14 Second Chance Pell programs that have 431 incarcerated students enrolled, according to the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

“I have heard [incarcerated individuals] tell stories about, like, I was in a classroom on Friday, and I walked on Monday to go to class, and my professors were packing up boxes,” Erwin recalled from when financial aid for prisoners was banned in the ‘90s. “There was no funding — really devastating.”

Iowa Central Community College was the first in the state to offer a Second Chance Pell program, which allows incarcerated individuals to obtain an associate’s degree in welding or carpentry and several certificates.

Incarcerated individuals can also take classes more focused in liberal arts, like Central Community College adjunct Josh Carmody’s course on religious studies. Carmody has been teaching for one year in the program, and teaches online courses for two prisons, the Fort Dodge Correctional Facility and the North Central Correctional Facility in Rockwell, Iowa.

He teaches his students about different religions and their history, which he said helps them think outside of the box and share their own religious experiences.

Carmody said the curriculum offers incarcerated individuals in the Second Chance Pell program a path forward if, or when released.

“These are going to be our neighbors and our coworkers and people that we drive next to — all those things,” he said. “And so it just gives them a leg up to be able to kind of reintegrate into society and have a good life or a good career or whatever it is that they were maybe missing before they went into prison.”

Mefferd logs onto her computer with her current three-student class four times a week, and discusses readings and answers questions. Instead of a normal 16-week college course, the Second Chance Pell courses are accelerated to seven weeks.

“They do have homework,” she said. “Most of them have a tablet, that they can download all of the assignments onto so they can work on it outside of just the hours.”

The online course that she teaches is different every week, but work ranges from discussion boards, papers, and tests.

Compared to her students who aren’t incarcerated, Mefferd said the prisoners work just as hard or harder in their coursework. She said she had a 60-year-old student who was serving life, but still wanted to pursue an education.

“He said he still saw value in it, and so he actually had to work really hard to be in the program,” she said.

Erwin said since access to Pell Grant aid was reinstated for incarcerated individuals, the federal government has made accommodations to make the application process more accessible. Incarcerated individuals don’t have to enroll in the draft on the FAFSA form, state if they defaulted on a loan, or have to verify their identity with a family member, she said.

“Sometimes people didn't contact their parents or their spouses or whatever, so that was another obstacle, and they got rid of a lot of those things,” she said.

Some existing educational programs before Pell Grants were reinstated already allowed incarcerated individuals to participate, including the Iowa Prison Writing Project based at the University of Iowa. The Iowa Prison Writing Project launched in 2006.

Kate Conlow, the founder of the Iowa Prison Writing Project and a University of Iowa law student, said incarcerated individuals who participate in the project do so by mail.

The project, housed at the University of Iowa, publishes creative writing pieces from incarcerated people.

She said similar to the Iowa Prison Writing Project’s goal, it’s important that people not in prison continue to humanize incarcerated individuals. If prisoners have access to education, it’s beneficial for all parties, she said

“It’s really important for the people on the outside to read work by incarcerated writers because there’s a tendency for people who are removed from the incarceration system in the criminal legal system, to dehumanize incarcerated individuals, and forget that they’re human,” Conlow said. “Being able to publish something, it’s like something you own, something that you achieve … I think that is the same with education.”

Students having more confidence after taking a course is something that Mefferd said she’s noticed.

“It works on so many different levels, like mentally they get some confidence, not just in their writing ability, but in their skills in general,” she said. “They get some time management, they get privileges, being able to do this, but they have to keep up.”

Meffers said the college students she previously taught take life for granted in comparison to her incarcerated students, or her “guys,” as she calls them.

“Their classes are so accelerated they have to constantly be improving, constantly doing their work, and they have such a drive for their own education that I don't see in college students,” she said. “If you don't have a support system, having an education is the next best thing.”

Kathleen Zeivel — The after-hours business plan: Drinkers as a Market in Iowa City

The after-hours business plan: Drinkers as a Market in Iowa City 

Nothing good happens after midnight…except for some good food to cap off a long night of drinking. Drunk food has become an essential part of nightlife, with restaurants now being open until two or three in the morning. A specific demographic is needed for these restaurants to thrive, and Iowa City has created a hub of successful places with late-night bites. 

Most of the dizzy drunks in the city know their night will end at Pancheros, Mesa Pizza, Marco’s Grilled Cheese, or one of the newer additions to the scene, George’s Best Gyros. The gyro restaurant was created for this exact reason, only being open Wednesday through Saturday for dinner hours. They stay open until 2:30am each night with the expectancy of drunk students stumbling in. Their business plan thrives off of drunk students who can’t help but listen to their bodies beg them to put something in their stomachs besides vodka. 

An overload of alcohol in comparison to food inside the body is not the only encouragement for a drinker looking to munch. Alcohol affects our nervous system, and according to ZBiotics, “Alcohol may also stimulate nerve cells in the brain’s hypothalamus that increase appetite. These neurons are activated by starvation, cause an extreme hunger sensation, and can be stimulated by consuming alcohol leading to those sometimes uncontrollable cravings” (Ryan, Alcohol and Food Cravings). Not only does this affect self-control, but alcohol also makes the hypothalamus more responsive to smells, increasing our appetites even further. This may be the reason that some foods taste great under the influence, but not as much the morning after. Businesses like Marco’s and George’s know this, catering their hours to obvious customers habits. 

I won’t fail to mention the general lack of control over our impulses when drinking, which results in an ugly side to a drunk snack. The lack of care or control of our actions when we drink can result in binge eating. While our brains convince us we’re starving, the idea of portion control quickly becomes irrelevant. It goes back to the nervous system, which is made up of neurons. Although alcohol is known to be a downer, a study from the National Library of Medicine shows no association with the body needing energy or calories because of it. According to HuffPost, “these neurons, altered by the booze, may fire at times they otherwise wouldn’t, telling your brain over and over again that it needs food” (Van Hare, The Real Reason You Can't Stop Eating When You're Drunk (and What You Can Do About It)). 

So there’s a logical explanation for your post-bar cravings. I’m not trying to validate it, or say you should indulge, but I believe its somehow comforting to know there’s a scientific reason. Don’t get too comfortable though, there are many misconceptions when it comes to eating after a night out. The biggest one being that greasy food soaks up alcohol…surprise! It doesn’t. ZBiotics states, “the harsh reality is it can actually make you feel worse the morning after, as your body is working twice as hard to break down alcohol and high amounts of sodium and fat. But people often use this myth to justify indulging in those alcohol-driven food cravings” (Ryan, Alcohol and Food Cravings).  

This post-bar mob of munchers has given business owners an entirely new target market. In Iowa City, the bars at every corner have been accompanied by a late-night bite spot. There are restaurants in this city that rely on this crowd to stay open for business. There are plenty of places that stay open until midnight, but only a select few stay open past bar close, which is around 1:45-2am. 

Pancheros, located in the heart of downtown Iowa City, has been well-known for their late hours to satisfy the city’s drunk hunger. Pahola has been working at Pancheros for almost a year now. Before this, she worked at a different restaurant in Des Moines. She met more than one person there (who she said were in their 40s) who told her that it has always been the spot at night, as the door doesn’t shut until 3am. 

The business wouldn’t be the same without these consistent weekend customers. “Out of all the Pancheros, based on month to month, [it has] the highest sales. But, if you take into consideration the whole year, it is dead here summer when everyone leaves, and winter break when everyone goes back home. We’re the busiest Pancheros in Iowa,” Pahola informs me. 

With the restaurant being located on the corner of S Clinton St. and E Washington St., the drunken students can’t help themselves but to join the others in what looks to be a never-ending line — for a quesadilla. But not just a quesadilla, as their brains have already convinced them it’s going to be the best quesadilla they’ve ever eaten. 

“Anyone could really make money if they put up a good restaurant around here, because if you look at how many people here commute on foot, they don’t go too far. So whatever’s close is where they’re always at,” Pahola explains. 

Marco’s Grilled Cheese is another notable late-night spot, staying open until 2:30am. It’s located on N Linn St., about a five-minute walk from downtown, and gets just as much late-night action as Pancheros. The drunk students have spent a bit more time in the crisp air before walking into the establishment, differing from Pancheros downtown, as one example. 

The differences between speaking with Pahola and Marco’s worker Jessica was shocking. I knew there would be a slight contrast between the two, but the vomit and violence I assumed would be prevalent didn’t even come up in conversation with Jessica. She sat there, for at least thirty seconds, trying to think of a negative side to serving nightlife, as Pahola did the same in attempting to brainstorm positives.  

“I’ve called the cops three times here. We usually try to call before it breaks into a fight just because we don’t want to deal with it,” Pahola says, “we’re trying to get home as soon as possible, and don’t want to be dealing with little arguments like that. The cops are right across the street.” 

Pahola also elaborates on the cleanup of vomit in the lobby and bathrooms nearly every weekend, emphasizing the negatives of working a 10pm-3am shift. 

After asking Marco’s worker Jessica if there are any negatives that come with the drunk crowd’s rowdiness, she states, “I mean it can of course, you know, sometimes, but for the most part, I don’t think it’s that big of a deal. Like I said, most of the time, they’re usually pretty fun.” 

Jessica did point out the cardboard-patched window, explaining the window was punched from the outside on a late night. “Things like that can happen but it’s pretty rare,” Jessica says. Marco’s has been less worried about violence, with their drunk customers having the temptation to steal things they don’t need. The restaurant’s napkin holders were taken one too many times, forcing them to remove them from dine-in tables completely. 

When Jessica first began working at Marco’s four years ago, they were open from 11am-11pm. Now, they open at 5pm Monday-Thursday, with Friday through Sunday offering daytime service. Jessica says the need to adjust business hours became apparent quickly after she started working. “That’s the niche,” she says, “this is the kind of food they want late at night.” 

Both Marco’s Grilled Cheese and Pancheros have a large menu with many enticing options that attract their target audience. Marco’s offers everything: grilled cheese, quesadillas, burgers, chicken sandwiches, pretzel bites, French fries, tater tots, and so much more. Pancheros has the same structure as a Chipotle restaurant would, with the ability to create your own Mexican style bowl, tacos, quesadillas, burritos, with the addition of chips, guacamole or queso. 

Why are these foods so alluring to drunk people? For starters, most drinkers are not pairing their mixed drink with an iced water, enhancing dehydration. This dehydration can lead to unhealthy food choices, like chips or pizza. Surveys from more than one university have shown the pattern of drinkers preferring unhealthy foods, but not much can answer the question of why? 

One survey through The University at Buffalo reveals this pattern and Jessica Kruger, a clinical assistant professor of community health and health behavior at the university, gives some insight into why this may be. 

“‘It is believed that after drinking alcohol, the amount of blood glucose in the body can rise and fall which stimulates the brain to feel hungry,’ Kruger explains” (Hill Got the 'Drunchies'?). 

I’m still left with the question: why these foods? Maybe there isn’t much science behind it, or maybe it’s as simple as letting the liquid courage get the best of you.  

There are plenty of tips and tricks that are suggested to avoid indulging in your drunk cravings. If anyone was even attempting to resist, Pancheros and Marco’s wouldn’t be so reliant on the weekend’s overflow of business. I’d like to leave you with two realistic words of advice, be nice to the people behind the late-night counters, and break the news to your friends that greasy foods soaking up alcohol is a total myth.